• The 13th Amendment included giving Congress power to this law.
3. A Weaker President
• After Lincoln’s assassination, President attempted a lenient settlement, pardoning many southerners and returning their land. He opposed the 14th Amendment and military governors, but Congress overruled him, limited presidential power, and unsuccessfully attempted impeachment.
4. Key Amendments and Laws
• 13th Amendment (1865): Abolished slavery across the U.S.
• 14th Amendment: Granted citizenship and equal protection under the law to all born or naturalized in the U.S.
• 15th Amendment: Gave Black men the right to vote; southern states had to rewrite constitutions, abolish slavery, and guarantee civil rights for readmission to the Union.
• Enforcement Acts: Passed to Black citizens against Ku Klux Klan violence.
5. Military Rule in the South
• Congress enacted the Reconstruction Act (1867), imposing military governors in southern states until they revised their constitutions and rejoined the Union (completed by 1870).
6. Successes of Reconstruction
• Voting Rights: 80% of Black men registered to vote. became the first Black U.S. senator (Mississippi), and Black Americans served at various levels of government.
• Reuniting Families: Many Black families reunited and thousands married.
• Education and Churches: Over 1,000 schools and hundreds of Black Churches built.
• Freedmen's Bureau: Provided food, shelter, education, medical facilities, and acted as a legal aid for Black Americans.
• Public Schools and Labour Rights: Reconstruction governments established the South’s first public schools, improved labour rights, and banned racial discrimination in public places.
7. Compromise of 1877
• Southern resistance grew, with attacks on Black people and Northerners in the South (‘’) and southern Union supporters (‘’).
• The Ku Klux Klan and similar groups waged terror campaigns. Funding for the Freedmen's Bureau ended in 1872 due to violent opposition.
• The 1877 compromise, following a disputed presidential election, ended federal military involvement, leading to ‘ Democrats’ passing discriminatory laws, including poll taxes and Jim Crow laws.
ECONOMIC & SOCIAL RESULTS IN THE SOUTH
The social and economic effects of the Civil War and Reconstruction impacted the South well into the 20th century.
1. Economic Consequences
• Damage to the Cotton Industry: The industry struggled to recover as India and filled the cotton demand during the war.
• Wealth Loss for Southern Elite: Former slaveowners lost $3 billion in slave ‘property,’ and some lands were seized. Confederate became worthless.
• Plantation System Changes: With slavery abolished, landowners introduced tenant farming and sharecropping, which led to poverty and debt for both Black and white tenant farmers.
• Impact: The South remained economically behind the North, especially as Northern investors bought up Southern assets.
2. Segregation and Terror
• Amendments and Rights: The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments abolished slavery, granted citizenship, and voting rights to Black men, but were undermined.
• Jim Crow Laws: By 1890, southern states enacted laws that enforced racial segregation, embedding white supremacy. Segregation was legally upheld by the Plessy v (1896).
• Violence and Legal Segregation: Black Americans faced violence, discrimination, and were largely restricted to sharecropping or low-paying jobs.
• Impact: Segregation and KKK terror lasted into the 1960s.
3. Gender Ideals and ‘Southern Belle’ Culture
• Post-war Gender Norms: The ideal of womanhood known as the ‘’ reemerged, emphasizing domesticity and obedience.
• Impact: Women’s roles were restricted, reinforcing conservative gender norms/ women’s ‘purity’ became a justification for lynching.
4. Identity and the ‘Lost Cause’
• The ‘Lost Cause’ Myth: Many Southerners idealized the Civil War as a fight for states’ rights against a wicked North.
• Monuments and Education: Organizations like the of the Confederacy promoted this narrative, with Confederate leaders like Robert E Lee glorified.
• Impact: The Lost Cause narrative created a lasting sense of victimhood and anger.
5. Education Inequality
• Freedmen’s Bureau Schools: Established schools for Black students after the war, but funding was ended in 1872 due to opposition and violence.
• Literacy Tests: Used to prevent Black Americans from voting, with schools deliberately underfunded to keep Black citizens undereducated.
• Impact: The southern white elite controlled political and social power until the 1970s.
POLITICAL AFTERMATH – ‘RECONSTRUCTION’, 1865-77
1. The Union was saved
2. A Stronger Federal Government
• The 13th Amendment included giving Congress power to ENFORCE this law.
3. A Weaker President
• After Lincoln’s assassination, President ANDREW JOHNSON attempted a lenient settlement, pardoning many southerners and returning their land. He opposed the 14th Amendment and military governors, but Congress overruled him, limited presidential power, and unsuccessfully attempted impeachment.
4. Key Amendments and Laws
• 13th Amendment (1865): Abolished slavery across the U.S.
• 14th Amendment: Granted citizenship and equal protection under the law to all born or naturalized in the U.S.
• 15th Amendment: Gave Black men the right to vote; southern states had to rewrite constitutions, abolish slavery, and guarantee civil rights for readmission to the Union.
• Enforcement Acts: Passed to PROTECT Black citizens against Ku Klux Klan violence.
5. Military Rule in the South
• Congress enacted the Reconstruction Act (1867), imposing military governors in southern states until they revised their constitutions and rejoined the Union (completed by 1870).
6. Successes of Reconstruction
• Voting Rights: 80% of Black men registered to vote. HIRAM REVELS became the first Black U.S. senator (Mississippi), and Black Americans served at various levels of government.
• Reuniting Families: Many Black families reunited and thousands married.
• Education and Churches: Over 1,000 schools and hundreds of Black Churches built.
• Freedmen's Bureau: Provided food, shelter, education, medical facilities, and acted as a legal aid for Black Americans.
• Public Schools and Labour Rights: Reconstruction governments established the South’s first public schools, improved labour rights, and banned racial discrimination in public places.
7. Compromise of 1877
• Southern resistance grew, with attacks on Black people and Northerners in the South (‘CARPETBAGGERS’) and southern Union supporters (‘SCALAWAGS’).
• The Ku Klux Klan and similar groups waged terror campaigns. Funding for the Freedmen's Bureau ended in 1872 due to violent opposition.
• The 1877 compromise, following a disputed presidential election, ended federal military involvement, leading to ‘REDEEMER Democrats’ passing discriminatory laws, including poll taxes and Jim Crow laws.
ECONOMIC & SOCIAL RESULTS IN THE SOUTH
The social and economic effects of the Civil War and Reconstruction impacted the South well into the 20th century.
1. Economic Consequences
• Damage to the Cotton Industry: The industry struggled to recover as India and EGYPT filled the cotton demand during the war.
• Wealth Loss for Southern Elite: Former slaveowners lost $3 billion in slave ‘property,’ and some lands were seized. Confederate BONDS became worthless.
• Plantation System Changes: With slavery abolished, landowners introduced tenant farming and sharecropping, which led to poverty and debt for both Black and white tenant farmers.
• Impact: The South remained economically behind the North, especially as Northern investors bought up Southern assets.
2. Segregation and Terror
• Amendments and Rights: The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments abolished slavery, granted citizenship, and voting rights to Black men, but were undermined.
• Jim Crow Laws: By 1890, southern states enacted laws that enforced racial segregation, embedding white supremacy. Segregation was legally upheld by the Plessy v FERGUSON (1896).
• Violence and Legal Segregation: Black Americans faced violence, discrimination, and were largely restricted to sharecropping or low-paying jobs.
• Impact: Segregation and KKK terror lasted into the 1960s.
3. Gender Ideals and ‘Southern Belle’ Culture
• Post-war Gender Norms: The ideal of womanhood known as the ‘SOUTHERN BELLE’ reemerged, emphasizing domesticity and obedience.
• Impact: Women’s roles were restricted, reinforcing conservative gender norms/ women’s ‘purity’ became a justification for lynching.
4. Identity and the ‘Lost Cause’
• The ‘Lost Cause’ Myth: Many Southerners idealized the Civil War as a fight for states’ rights against a wicked North.
• Monuments and Education: Organizations like the UNITED DAUGHTERS of the Confederacy promoted this narrative, with Confederate leaders like Robert E Lee glorified.
• Impact: The Lost Cause narrative created a lasting sense of victimhood and anger.
5. Education Inequality
• Freedmen’s Bureau Schools: Established schools for Black students after the war, but funding was ended in 1872 due to opposition and violence.
• Literacy Tests: Used to prevent Black Americans from voting, with schools deliberately underfunded to keep Black citizens undereducated.
• Impact: The southern white elite controlled political and social power until the 1970s.
