- List FIVE difficulties of ruling Wilhelmine Germany.
- Kaiser Wilhelm interfered
- It was weak and complex (Kaiser, Chancellor, Bundesrat, Reichstag, Army)
- Prussia’s needs and Prussian militarism dominated the government
- The Reichstag could refuse laws and had to agree the Budget
- Social and economic factors, and the rise of Socialism, was instability
- List FOUR things Caprivi did as part of the ‘New Course’
- allowed The Anti-Socialist law to lapse in 1890.
- negotiated trade treaties.
- Sunday work, work for children under 13, and more than 11 hours work for women, were forbidden.
- In 1893 he tried to reduce the length of national service from 3 years to 2.
- List FIVE reasons Caprivi resigned.
- Conservatives were calling him a Socialist
- Agrarian League was angry that food prices were falling
- The Army was angry at the reduction in National Service
- Caprivi argued with Wilhelm – Wilhelm’s courtiers were telling him to take on ‘personal rule
- In 1894, Wilhelm told Caprivi to draw up an anti-Socialist ‘Subversion Bill’. Although he persuaded the Kaiser to drop the idea, he resigned
- What was the name for Wilhelm’s expansionist policy to give Germany ‘a place in the sun’?
- What was the Kruger Telegram?
- When the Boers of South Africa defeated a British Raid into their territory in 1895, Wilhelm sent a congratulatory telegram to Paul Kruger, the Boer president.
- What did Wilhelm promise in Jerusalem in 1897?
- to protect Protestants, Catholics … and 300 million Muslims
- List TWO things Wilhelm did to intervene in China:
- Germany occupied the port of Kiaochow in China and forced the Chinese government to lease it to Germany as a naval base in the Far East
- He sent troops to fight the Boxer Rebellion (1900), telling them to act “like the Huns”
- List TWO times Wilhelm tried intervene in Morocco:
- In 1905 Wilhelm visited Morocco and promised to protect it (led to the Algeciras Conference, 1906)
- In 1911 when he sent the gunboat Panther to Agadir.
- How did Wilhelm infuriate all British and all Germans at the same time?
- Daily Telegraph interview, 1908
- List FIVE reasons for Weltpolitik:
- A personal obsession of the Kaiser, who wanted “a place in the sun” for Germany
- Needed to protect Germany’s overseas possessions
- A symbol of Germany’s power and parity with Britain
- Enthusiastically supported in Germany by the Navy League and German nationalists, and by industrialists wanting business contracts
- Needed to break a blockade in the event of a war
- Who formulated the Navy Laws, and what effect did they have?
- Admiral Tirpitz
- By 1914, Germany had built 44 battleships, 58 Cruisers, 72 U-boats and 144 torpedo boats
- List FIVE problems with Weltpolitik
- Created tension with other powers, especially Britain
- Created a naval arms race with Britain, which immediately started building Dreadnought battleships
- Created tension with the German Army, which resented the money spent on the Navy
- Created huge government debt, and extra taxes – eventually the Reichstag refused to increase spending any further
- Caused tension with the Reichstag, esp. the SDP, and esp. after the Daily Telegraph interview
- List FIVE failures of Wilhelm’s foreign policy:
- Cancelling the Treaty with Russia meant that Russia mobilised against Germany in July 1914
- Weltpolitik gathered against him a much-more-powerful Entente of enemies
- The Schlieffen plan brought Belgium and Britain into the War and its failure led to a ‘war of attrition’ that Germany lost
- Wilhelm’s personal appointment of Falkenhayn as Army Chief led to the disastrous Battle of Verdun (1916)
- His High Seas Fleet failed to break the Blockade, and the U-boat campaign brough America into the war
- List FOUR aspects of Military rule in Germany during the war
- Censorship;
- moral policing of women;
- military control over civilian workers (Patriotic Auxiliary Service Law, December 1916);
- martial law in Berlin (Jan 1918)
- List THREE ways Germans suffered during WWI:
- Hunger: In 1916, Germans suffered the ‘Turnip Winter’, and by 1918, Germans were living on K-Brot, potatoes and berries
- Disease: 750,000 Germans died from hunger and disease, and scurvy, tuberculosis and dysentery were widespread
- Economy: War ruined trade, the economy declined 25%, the government was bankrupt, there was a shortage of male workers, and inflation.
- When was the Kiel mutiny which precipitated Germany’s defeat in World War I?
- When and where was the Weimar Republic declared?
- Who became President of the Weimar Republic in 1919?
- List FIVE differences in the Constitution, 1914 versus 1919.
- Elected president not hereditary Kaiser
- Chancellor responsible to the Reichstag, not to the Kaiser
- Reichstag made laws and controlled the government (not the Kaiser)
- Proportional representation (before only males over 25 could vote)
- Bill of Rights
- What was the Reichstag?
- What did the Weimar’s Bill of Rights promise?
- Equality before the law, and political and religious freedom
- Name FIVE problems the Weimar government faced, 1919-1923
- Ineffective Constitution
- Left-wing rebellions
- Right-wing rebellions
- Invasion and hyperinflation of 1923
- Munich Putsch
- Which article of the Constitution gave emergency powers to the President?
- What is ‘proportional voting’ and how did it damage the Weimar Republic?
- parties got Reichstag seats, not by winning constituencies, but in proportion to the number of votes they got nation-wide
- Who was leader of the army in the 1920s, and how did he damage the Republic?
- von Seeckt - he was right-wing and did not put down right-wing rebellions
- Who led the Spartacist Revolt in 1919?
- Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Leibknecht
- Where did a Communist ‘People’s Government’ come to power in 1919?
- What Communist group rebelled in the Ruhr in 1920?
- Red Army - a paramilitary group
- Who led a Freikorps brigade to rebel against the Versailles Treaty, March 1920?
- Which SPD foreign minister was assassinated in 1922, and why?
- Walter Rathenau - becase he made a treaty with Communist Russia
- Why did many right-wing troublemakers get away with their crimes?
- Because right-wing judges sympathised with their cause
- Where did the French invade in January 1923?
- What was ‘hyperinflation’, and what caused it?
- Runaway rising prices. It was caused by the government printing money to pay striking workers, who had gone on strike to oppose the French invasion
- What did Bruno Buchrucker do?
- led the Black Reichswehr rebellion in Berlin, October 1923
- Who founded the Nazi party?
- Which FOUR groups of people did Hitler blame for Germany’s problems?
- the Allies who enforced the Versailles Treaty
- The November Criminals who signed it
- The Communists
- the Jews (who he said were behind it all)
- Give SEVEN causes of the Weimar government’s problems
- Communists wanted world revolution/hated the new government
- Right-wing politicians hated the Versailles Treaty and wanted the Kaiser back
- Officials were disloyal and hated the government
- Army led by General von Seeckt was unreliable
- Proportional representation prevented one party getting a majority
- Occupation of the Ruhr humiliated the Gernans and led to hyperinflation
- Printing money to pay strikers.
- How many of the 25-points of the programme of the Nazi Party can you remember?
- Unity of all German-speaking peoples
- Abolition of the Treaty of Versailles
- Conquer land to feed Germany’s population
- Only Germans (not Jews) can be citizens
- Special laws for non-Germans
- Only Germans can vote, be employed or hold public office
- Expel foreigners to give all Germans job and a decent standard of living
- Foreigners who have come to Germany since 1914 must be expelled
- All citizens have equal rights and duties
- The first duty of a citizen is to work
- No payments to unemployed people
- War-profiteers give back the money they made
- Nationalisation of industries
- Large companies must share their profits
- Pensions must be improved
- Help for small shops and businesses
- Give small farmers their land
- Punish criminals by death
- Reform of the law to make it more ‘German’
- Improve education so that all Germans can get a job
- Improve people’s health by making it law for people to do sport
- A new People’s Army
- German newspapers free of foreign influence
- Freedom of religion
- Strong central government with unrestricted power
- What were the FOUR principles of Mein Kampf?
- National socialism & loyalty to Germany
- Racism; all races inferior to Aryans
- Lebensraum; living space in Poland & Russia
- Strong government - Obedience to Fuhrer & use of armed force.
- Who were the thugs of the Nazi party who terrorised opponents?
- Sturmabteilung - the Stormtroopers (SA)
- Which FIVE groups supplied most supporters of the Nazis?
- Skilled workers
- Businessmen
- Lower employees (eg shop assistants)
- Unskilled workers
- Farmers
- Give FIVE causes of the Munich Putsch
- Weakness of Weimar republic [ILRI]
- Nazi Party growing - to 55,000 (including SA/ Ludendorff)
- Stresemann called off resistance to the French invasion
- Mussolini's example
- The planned Bavarian rebellion was called off
- Which right-wing group rebelled in Berlin in 1923?
- What three Bavarian leaders did Hitler try to get to join the Munich Putsch?
- List FOUR results of the Munich Putsch
- Nazis defeated - Hitler arrested, imprisoned and forbidden to speak
- Hitler used his trial as a propaganda exercise
- Mein Kampf published
- Hitler began to try to get power by being elected
- Suggest FOUR reasons the Weimar republic survived
- Freikorps put down Communist rebellions of 1919-20
- Army put down Communist revolts of 1923
- Left-wing strikers defeated the Kapp Putsch in 1920
- Stresemann brought stable, prosperous government
- List SIX things Stresemann achieved
- Dawes Plan 1924
- Controlled inflation
- Got the French to leave the Ruhr
- Germany joined the League of Nations
- Economic growth
- Reforms made life better for ordinary people
- For what were the following famous: Gropius, Marlene Dietrich, Otto Dix and Erich Maria Remarque?
- Gropius - architect (founder of the Bauhaus school of art & architecture)
- Marlene Dietrich - singer/ filmstar
- Otto Dix - painted horrific pictures of trenches
- Erich Maria Remarque - wrote All Quiet on the Western Front
- What modern film was set in 1930 Berlin?
- Explain FIVE ways Hitler reorganised the Nazi Party, 1924–1928.
- Set a fanatical personal bodyguard, the SS
- Took over other right-wing parties
- Set up Hitler Youth
- Josef Goebbels developed propaganda
- Gained the support of wealthy businessmen
- How did Hitler appeal to German businessmen?
- They saw him as a safeguard against Communism
- Name FOUR German firms or individuals who financed Hitler.
- Fritz von Thyssen (steel)
- Alfred Krupp (steel)
- IG Faben (chemicals)
- Opel
- Name TWO non-German firms or individuals who financed Hitler.
- Henry Ford (Ford cars)
Irenee du Pont (General Motors)
- Who drew the Nazi posters?
- Hans Schweitzer - 'Mjolnir'
- What were the NINE reasons Hitler came to power in 1933
- Long-term bitterness about Versailles
- Ineffective Constitution of Weimar Republic
- Money from rich businessmen
- Propaganda machine
- Programme which offered something to everyone
- Attacks on opponents by SA
- Personal qualities - especially speaking ability
- Economic Depression
- Recruited by Hindenburg
- How many unemployed were there in Germany in 1928 and in 1932?
- 2 million in 1928; 6 million in 1932
- How many seats did the Nazi party have in the Reichstag in 1928 and in 1933?
- Suggest FOUR personal qualities which helped Hitler come to power.
- Brilliant speaker
- Powerful eyes
- Good organiser
- Driven determination
- What caused the economic depression in 1929?
- Wall Street Crash caused American banks to call in loans
- Who was Chancellor in 1932?
- Who was President in 1932?
- What date did Hitler become Chancellor?
- List the EIGHT steps by which Hitler turned his position as Chancellor into that of Fuhrer?
- Reichstag Fire - 27 Feb 1933
- General Election - 5 March 1933
- Enabling Act - 23 March 1933
- Gestapo - 26 April 1933
- Trade Unions banned - 2 May 1933
- Opposition banned - 14 July 1933
- Night of the Long Knives - 30 June 1934
- Fuhrer - 19 August 1934
- List SIX ways the Nazis kept control of the German people?
- One-Party State
- Terror
- Propaganda
- Youth
- Workforce
- Religion
- List SIX German social groups affected by the Nazi regime.
- Nazi Party members
- Ordinary people
- Women
- Youth
- Opponents
- 'Untermensch'
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